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Between 1703 and 1708, the Grand Alliance secured for the Austrian Habsburg archduke Charles –“Charles III” to his supporters in the succession struggle triggered by the death of the last Spanish Habsburg– a substantial chunk of the European Spanish Habsburg empire or Monarchy: Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia and Gibraltar inside Spain, Spanish Flanders, the duchy of Milan, the Balearic Islands and Sardinia, and the kingdom of Naples outside Spain. In fact, Aragon and Valencia were already by 1708 being reconquered by the troops of Philip V following his victory at Almansa, but the other territories represented a substantial composite monarchy which Charles must seek to turn into a viable polity; his –broadly successful– efforts to create an effective central executive for that territorial ensemble between 1706 and 1714, by which time Charles had succeeded (1711) his elder brother Joseph as Holy Roman Emperor, and had removed his Court from Barcelona to Vienna, are the subject of Roberto Quirós’ book. In fact, Quirós focuses on Charles’ efforts to make his rule effective in Milan and Naples. This decision is well judged, since Italy has been relatively neglected by the historiography of the War of the Spanish Succession, as Quirós’s initial historiographical survey demonstrates. In addition, following the loss of Aragon and Valencia, with Flanders effectively occupied by his English and Dutch allies and with war pressing Catalonia hard, the Balearic Islands and Sardinia could not sustain Charles’s war effort. Charles must look to Milan and above all Naples if he was to have any resources of his own both to wage war and to reward those loyal to him. Chapter One (which occupies half of the book, providing the narrative foundation for a more clearly analytical second half) charts the changing administrative structure of Charles’ composite monarchy, one which mirrored both the Spanish Habsburg governmental machine and to some extent that of Charles’ rival, Philip V. The conquest of Milan and then of Naples was accompanied by the appointment (1706-7) of two secretaries of the Despacho Universal (one for northern Europe, the other for Italy), a Junta de Italia (later the Council of Italy), and the whole panoply of councils –of Aragon, State, Orders and so on– operating under the last Spanish Habsburg. Following the removal of Charles and (later) his consort from Barcelona, in 1714 the Emperor created in Vienna the Supreme Council of Spain, with responsibility for the oversight of the former Spanish territories (Italy and Flanders) now ruled by Charles, and which survived until Philip V’s forces reconquered Naples and Sicily (1734-5) after which it was replaced by a new Council of Italy. These developments are already familiar to historians in their broad outlines from the work of Virginia Leon, but Quirós substantially enhances both our knowledge and understanding of the men, their manoeuvres and the processes involved and the workings of the developing executive machine. Cuadernos de Historia Moderna ISSN: 0214-4018

cuadernos de historia moderna

Quirós Rosado, Roberto, “Monarquía de Oriente. La corte de Carlos III y el gobierno de Italia durante la Guerra de Sucesión Española”, Madrid, Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia, 2017, 467 págs., ISBN: 9788416662166.