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Canada’s Aboriginal populations have significantly higher rates of type 2 diabetes compared to non-Aboriginal Canadians. In First Nations populations living on reserve, the rates are more than double. Large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that intensive lifestyle modification in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance can decrease the overall incidence of diabetes by up to 22%. Implementing lifestyle interventions into clinical practice remains a significant challenge because of both limited resources and uncertainly about optimal program design. Most studies have focused on translation into the primary care setting, and have shown moderate benefits. However, there have been no trials examining the feasibility and effectiveness of RCT-based lifestyle modification in Canadian Aboriginal communities. Canadian initiatives have so far focused on school-based healthy lifestyle curriculum and community awareness, but have had little success in reducing weight. Factors such as community remoteness, cultural diversity, poor retention of health care workers, and lack of access to healthy food are significant barriers to implementing lifestyle modification programs in Canadian Aboriginal communities. More importantly, these communities face systemic inequalities that must be addressed in order to achieve meaningful and sustained lifestyle changes. diabetes in canadian aboriginal populations Canada’s Aboriginal people include First Nations, Inuit, and Metis and constitute 3.8% of the population. Although a rare disease in Aboriginal populations prior to the 1940s, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in this population has increased by up to 36% from 2001 to 2006. In 2010 15.3% of First Nations living on reserve, and 8.7% living off reserve reported they had T2DM, compared to 6% of non-Aboriginal Canadians. Diabetes complications and comorbidities also disproportionately affect Aboriginal people. 1 Being overweight and obese are chief risk factors for T2DM. In

Lifestyle modification for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Canadian Aboriginal population