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Objective: to understand the reasons influencing women from 45 to 49 years who live within the area covered by a Basic Health Unit (UBS) to do not undertake oncotic cytology exam. Method: this is a qualitative investigation with 12 women, using the following selection criteria: woman ranging from 45 to 49 years of age; inhabiting within the area covered by the UBS; who had started sexual activity; who had never undertaken oncotic cytology; and who signed the Free and Informed Consent Term. The data collection was carried out between May and August 2010, through a semi-structured interview after the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (CAAE 0002.0.428.00010). The data were analyzed through the Content Analysis technique. Results: the data were grouped into two categories: lack of knowledge on the Papanicolaou test and its importance, and the reasons influencing the avoidance of oncotic cytology. Conclusion: the barriers to carry out the examination are related to the lack of knowledge on it and on the need to undertake it. In their turn, the reasons for do not undertaking the examination were: absence of signs and symptoms; feelings of fear, shame, and nervousness; advanced or tender age; and disbelief in its effectiveness. Health professionals should promote actions satisfying the needs of women, seeing them as active subjects who are also responsible for their own care. Descriptors: health education; women’s health; vaginal smears.

The view of women at a Basic Health Unit on the avoidance of oncotic cytology