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. The wake characteristics behind a yawed model wind turbine exposed to different customized inflow conditions areinvestigated. Laser Doppler anemometry is used to measure the wake flow in two planes at x∕D =  3 and x∕D =  6, while the turbine yaw angle is varied from γ = - 30 ∘ to 0 ∘ to + 30 ∘ . The objective is to assessthe influence of grid-generated inflow turbulence and shear on the mean and turbulent flow components. The wake flow is observed to be asymmetric with respect to negative and positive yaw angles. A counter-rotating vortexpair is detected creating a kidney-shaped velocity deficit for all inflow conditions. Exposing the rotor to non-uniformhighly turbulent shear inflow changes the mean and turbulent wake characteristics only insignificantly. At low inflowturbulence the curled wake shape and wake center deflection are more pronounced than at high inflow turbulence. Fora yawed turbine the rotor-generated turbulence profiles peak in regions of strong mean velocity gradients, while thelevels of peak turbulence decrease at approximately the same rate as the rotor thrust.

Wind tunnel experiments on wind turbine wakes in yaw: effects of inflow turbulence and shear