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In 1935, A. G. Tansley, who was knighted later, proposed the ecosystem concept. Nevertheless,  this concept was not without predecessors. Why did Tansley’s ecosystem prevail  and not one of its competitors? The purpose of this article is to pin the distinguishing  features of Tansley’s ecosystem down, as far as the published record allows. It is an  exercise in finding the difference that made a difference. Besides being a pioneering  ecologist, Tansley was an adept of psychoanalysis. His interest even led him to visit  Sigmund Freud in Vienna for a while. Psychologists had to regard the mind as an entity  in its own right, while knowing that it truly was part of a larger whole (body + mind),  because the causal relation between body and mind was unknown. This lead Tansley to  conclude that psychologists must not objectify the system under study, have to search  for causes within their own field, and must not speculate unless this serves a scientific  purpose. In 1925, Tansley defended psychoanalysis in a prolonged controversy against a  concerted attack criticizing its speculative content and poor scientific standing. This  could have been the reason why Tansley kept his ecosystem free of speculative content  and unscientific connotation. The competing ecosystem-like concepts, however, have  contained philosophical speculation, non-deterministic properties like vitalism or entelechy,  or have been burdened with unscientific connotations. Hence, rigorous restraint  distinguished the ecosystem concept and made it ready for use by later researchers

Arthur G. Tansley’s “new psychology” and its relation to ecology