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. Sacred forests are an integral component of the mountainouscultural landscape of northern Greece, hypothesized to be the result of bothecological processes and site-specific forest management regimes throughstrict religious prohibition. These practices acted as constraints onnatural forest development by suppressing understory growth, whileprohibition of woodcutting has preserved large trees. The aim of this studywas to investigate the relative effects of physical site environment andmanagement regimes on the structure and composition of woody plant groups insix such forests. Species rank–abundance curves, dissimilarity indices andcluster analyses were used to assess variation within and amongst the woodyplant groups of the sites. Species abundance was found to be highly variableamongst the sites, with notable variation between canopy and understorylayers indicating dynamic change in floristics and structure. Clusteranalysis revealed four main woody plant groups statistically associated withenvironmental variables (aspect) and forest management (different forestprohibition regimes, and presence or absence of infrastructure). Our resultsindicate that tree composition is significantly associated with differentprohibition regimes linked to the forests' sacred status, as well as theinherent environmental variation amongst sites. Exploring further therole of traditional management systems in shaping sacred forest structureis a relevant research path for designing effective conservation practicestailored to sacred natural sites facing cultural abandonment.

When nature meets the divine: effect of prohibition regimes on the structure and tree species composition of sacred forests in northern Greece