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. Standard metabolic rate isa major functional trait with large inter-individual variability in manygroups of aquatic species. Here we present results of an experimental studyto address variation in standard metabolic rates, over different scales oforganisation and environments, within a specific group of aquaticmacro-invertebrates (i.e. gammarid amphipods) that represent the primaryconsumers in detritus food webs. The study was carried out using flow-throughmicrorespirometric techniques on male specimens of three gammarid speciesfrom freshwater, transitional water and marine ecosystems. We examinedindividual metabolic rate variations at three scales: (1) at the individuallevel, during an 8 h period of daylight; (2) at the within-population level,along body-size and body-condition gradients; (3) at the interspecific level,across species occurring in the field in the three different categories ofaquatic ecosystems, from freshwater to marine. We show that standard metabolic rates vary significantly at all three scalesexamined, with the highest variation observed at the within-population level.Variation in individual standard metabolic rates during the daylight hourswas generally low (coefficient of variation, CV ) andunrelated to time. The average within-population CV ranged between 30.0 %and 35.0 %, with body size representing a significant source of overallinter-individual variation in the three species and individual body conditionexerting only a marginal influence. In all species, the allometric equationswere not as steep as would be expected from the 3∕4  power law, withsignificant variation in mass-specific metabolic rates among populations. Thepopulation from the transitional water ecosystem had the highestmass-specific metabolic rates and the lowest within-population variation. In the gammarid species studied here, body-size-independent variations instandard individual metabolic rates were higher than those explained byallometric body size scaling, and the costs of adaptation to short-termperiodic variations in water salinity in the studied ecosystems also seemedto represent a major source of variation.

Components of standard metabolic rate variability in three species of gammarids