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. Forest structural complexity could be a good predictor of overall speciesdiversity. Since tree harvesting has a negative effect on forest structure,it is important to analyse the effects of this disturbance on sensitivegroups, as forest birds. In this study, we aimed to shed light on thisaspect by analysing a set of univariate metrics in bird communitiesbreeding in three coppiced forest habitats (coppiced of chestnut, coppicedof Turkey oak and high forest of beech) along a gradient in age classes. Wehypothesised that, with increasing forest age, (i) breeding bird communities willprogressively increase in diversity and, (ii) due to higher habitatheterogeneity due to coppicing, a higher species turnover in the first ageclasses could appear. In each forest habitat, all the metrics significantlyincreased, from recently coppiced to more mature forests, due toprogressively higher availability of resources and niches along the gradient.When comparing paired forest habitats, abundance and richness weresignificantly different only in the two oldest age classes, highlighting thatresponses to different tree composition were more marked in the maturephase. In all forest habitats, species turnover ( βw diversity)decreased progressively along the age gradient and was highest in theyoungest age classes where many vegetation layers were present. Due todifferent coppice management practices, growth regime and consequent habitatheterogeneity, chestnuts showed a different pattern when compared to otherforest habitats, with an increase in species turnover ( βw diversity)at intermediate level. With increasing age of the forests, all the diversitymetrics increased and species turnover decreased, highlighting the role ofolder forests as strategic habitats for highly structured bird communities.

The older the richer: significant increase in breeding bird diversity along an age gradient of different coppiced woods