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Mining is one of the main causes of environmental pollution by heavy metalsand (re)vegetation of mine spoils is the most effective method of preventingwind and water erosion and the consequent spread of contaminants tosurrounding areas. However, plant establishment and growth are conditionedby some limiting factors of mine soils, such as low pH, low fertility, highheavy metal concentration, and a small seed bank to initiate plantestablishment. Improving soil physical and chemical properties is requiredin many cases for successful (re)vegetation programs. In the copper mine of Touro, Galicia, Spain there is alarge-scale project of soil amendment underway using technosols, a mixtureof several organic residuals, to improve the conditions of mine soils. Weevaluated the seed bank of several types of technosols, mine soil and soilfrom a control area outside the mine by studying seedling emergence in thesesoils. In a second experiment we evaluated the impact of increasing pH withliming and the admixing of nutrient-rich soil on the growth of two grasses(Lolium perenne and Dactylis glomerata) and two legumes(Medicago sativa and Trifolium subterrraneum) both sownindividually and in mixtures. Seedling emergence and species richness were highest in thetechnosols. Soil amendments promoted plant growth, with the addition ofhigh-nutrient soil being the best amendment for the four plant speciestested. Plant growth was impaired in the mine soil. Lolium perennewas the only plant species that germinated and grew in this soil. We foundthat soil amendments, either through the addition of technosols, pH bufferingor nutrient enrichment, are essential for promoting the revegetation of mineareas

Revegetation of abandoned copper mines: the role of seed banks and soil amendments