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. This work aims to assess the performance of state-of-the-art global climate models in representing the upper-tropospheric Rossby wave pattern in theNorthern Hemisphere and over the European–Atlantic sector. A diagnostic based on finite-amplitude local wave activity is used as an objective metric toquantify the amplitude of Rossby waves in terms of Rossby wave activity. This diagnostic framework is applied to a set of coupled historical climatesimulations at different horizontal resolutions, performed in the framework of the PRIMAVERA project and compared with observations (ERA5reanalysis). At first, the spatio-temporal characteristics of Rossby wave activity in the Northern Hemisphere are examined in the multimodel mean ofthe whole PRIMAVERA set. When examining the spatial distribution of transient wave activity, only a minimal improvement is found in the high-resolutionensemble. On the other hand, when examining the temporal variability of wave activity, a higher resolution is beneficial in all models apart fromone. In addition, when examining the Rossby wave activity time series, no evident trends are found in the historical simulations (at both standard andhigh resolutions) and in the observations. Finally, the spatial distribution of Rossby wave activity is investigated in more detail focusing on theEuropean–Atlantic sector, examining the wave activity pattern associated with weather regimes for each model. Results show a marked inter-modelvariability in representing the correct spatial distribution of Rossby wave activity associated with each regime pattern, and an increased horizontalresolution improves the models' performance only for some of the models and for some of the regimes. A positive impact of an increased horizontalresolution is found only for the models in which both the atmospheric and oceanic resolution is changed, whereas in the models in which only theatmospheric resolution is increased, a worsening model performance is detected.

How well is Rossby wave activity represented in the PRIMAVERA coupled simulations?