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Within the context of developing data inversion and assimilation techniquesfor C-band backscatter over sea ice, snow physical models may be used todrive backscatter models for comparison and optimization with satelliteobservations. Such modeling has the potential to enhance understanding of snowon sea-ice properties required for unambiguous interpretation of activemicrowave imagery. An end-to-end modeling suite is introduced, incorporatingregional reanalysis data (NARR), a snow model (SNTHERM89.rev4), and amultilayer snow and ice active microwave backscatter model (MSIB). Thismodeling suite is assessed against measured snow on sea-ice geophysicalproperties and against measured active microwave backscatter. NARR data wereinput to the SNTHERM snow thermodynamic model in order to drive theMSIBmodel for comparison to detailed geophysical measurements and surface-basedobservations of C-band backscatter of snow on first-year sea ice. The NARRvariables were correlated to available in situ measurements with theexception of long-wave incoming radiation and relative humidity, whichimpacted SNTHERM simulations of snow temperature. SNTHERM snow grain sizeand density were comparable to observations. The first assessment of theforward assimilation technique developed in this work required theapplication of in situ salinity profiles to one SNTHERM snow profile, whichresulted in simulated backscatter close to that driven by in situ snowproperties. In other test cases, the simulated backscatter remained 4–6 dBbelow observed for higher incidence angles and when compared to anaverage simulated backscatter of in situ end-member snow covers. Developmentof C-band inversion and assimilation schemes employing SNTHERM89.rev4 shouldconsider sensitivity of the model to bias in incoming long-wave radiation,the effects of brine, and the inability of SNTHERM89.Rev4 to simulate wateraccumulation and refreezing at the bottom and mid-layers of the snowpack.These impact thermodynamic response, brine wicking and volume processes,snow dielectrics, and thus microwave backscatter from snow on first-yearsea ice

the cryosphere

Comparison of a coupled snow thermodynamic and radiative transfer model with in situ active microwave signatures of snow-covered smooth first-year sea ice