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The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major driver of climatevariability in the tropical Andes, where recent Niño and Niña eventsleft an observable footprint on glacier mass balance. The nature and strengthof the relationship between ENSO and glacier mass balance, however, variesbetween regions and time periods, leaving several unanswered questions aboutits exact mechanisms. The starting point of this study is a 4-year longtime series of distributed surface energy and mass balance (SEB/SMB)calculated using a process-based model driven by observations at ShallapGlacier (Cordillera Blanca, Peru). These data are used to calibrate aregression-based downscaling model that links the local SEB/SMB fluxes toatmospheric reanalysis variables on a monthly basis, allowing anunprecedented quantification of the ENSO influence on the SEB/SMB atclimatological time scales (1980–2013, ERA-Interim period). We find astronger and steadier anti-correlation between Pacific sea-surfacetemperature (SST) and glacier mass balance than previously reported. Thisrelationship is most pronounced during the wet season (December–May) and atlow altitudes where Niño (Niña) events are accompanied with asnowfall deficit (excess) and a higher (lower) radiation energy input. Wedetect a weaker but significant ENSO anti-correlation with totalprecipitation (Niño dry signal) and positive correlation with thesensible heat flux, but find no ENSO influence on sublimation. Sensitivityanalyses comparing several downscaling methods and reanalysis data setsresulted in stable mass balance correlations with Pacific SST but alsorevealed large uncertainties in computing the mass balance trend of the lastdecades. The newly introduced open-source downscaling tool can be appliedeasily to other glaciers in the tropics, opening new research possibilitieson even longer time scales

ENSO influence on surface energy and mass balance at Shallap Glacier, Cordillera Blanca, Peru