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The Karakoram range of the Hindu-Kush Himalaya is characterized by both extensive glaciationand a widespread prevalence of surficial debris cover on the glaciers. Surface debris exertsa strong control on glacier surface-energy and mass fluxes and, by modifying surface boundaryconditions, has the potential to alter atmosphere–glacier feedbacks. To date, the influence ofdebris on Karakoram glaciers has only been directly assessed by a small number of glaciologicalmeasurements over short periods. Here, we include supraglacial debris in a high-resolution,interactively coupled atmosphere–glacier modeling system. To investigate glaciological andmeteorological changes that arise due to the presence of debris, we perform two simulationsusing the coupled model from 1 May to 1 October 2004: one that treats all glacier surfacesas debris-free and one that introduces a simplified specification for the debris thickness.The basin-averaged impact of debris is a reduction in ablation of ~ 14 %, although thedifference exceeds 5 m w.e. on the lowest-altitude glacier tongues. The relatively modestreduction in basin-mean mass loss results in part from non-negligible sub-debris melt rates underthicker covers and from compensating increases in melt under thinner debris, and may help toexplain the lack of distinct differences in recent elevation changes between clean anddebris-covered ice. The presence of debris also strongly alters the surface boundary conditionand thus heat exchanges with the atmosphere; near-surface meteorological fields at lowerelevations and their vertical gradients; and the atmospheric boundary layer development.These findings are relevant for glacio-hydrological studies on debris-covered glaciers andcontribute towards an improved understanding of glacier behavior in the Karakoram

Impact of debris cover on glacier ablation and atmosphere–glacier feedbacks in the Karakoram