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The runoff from a snow cover during spring snowmelt or rain-on-snow events isan important factor in the hydrological cycle. In this study, three waterbalance schemes for the 1 dimensional physically-based snowpack modelSNOWPACK are compared to lysimeter measurements at two alpine sites with aseasonal snow cover, but with different climatological conditions:Weissfluhjoch (WFJ) and Col de Porte (CDP). The studied period consists of 14and 17 yr, respectively. The schemes include a simple bucket-typeapproach, an approximation of Richards Equation (RE), and the full RE. Theresults show that daily sums of snowpack runoff are strongly related to apositive energy balance of the snow cover and therefore, all water balanceschemes show very similar performance in terms of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) coefficients (around 0.63 and 0.72 for WFJ and CDP, respectively)and <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> values (around 0.83 and 0.72 for WFJ and CDP, respectively). Ananalysis of the runoff dynamics over the season showed that the bucket-typeand approximated RE scheme release meltwater slower than in the measurements,whereas RE provides a better agreement. Overall, solving RE for the snowcover yields the best agreement between modelled and measured snowpackrunoff, but differences between the schemes are small. On sub-daily timescales, the water balance schemes behave very differently. In that case,solving RE provides the highest agreement between modelled and measuredsnowpack runoff in terms of NSE coefficient (around 0.48 at both sites). AtWFJ, the other water balance schemes loose most predictive power, whereas atCDP, the bucket-type scheme has an NSE coefficient of 0.39. The shallowerand less stratified snowpack at CDP likely reduces the differences betweenthe water balance schemes. Accordingly, it can be concluded that solving REfor the snow cover improves several aspects of modelling snow cover runoff,especially for deep, sub-freezing snow covers and in particular on thesub-daily time scales. The additional computational cost was found to be inthe order of a factor of 1.5–2

Solving Richards Equation for snow improves snowpack meltwater runoff estimations in detailed multi-layer snowpack model