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Changes in the map area of 498 glaciers located on the Main Caucasus ridge (MCR)and on Mt. Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus Mountains (Russia and Georgia)were assessed using multispectral ASTER and panchromatic Landsat imagerywith 15 m spatial resolution in 1999/2001 and 2010/2012. Changes inrecession rates of glacier snouts between 1987–2001 and 2001–2010 wereinvestigated using aerial photography and ASTER imagery for a sub-sample of44 glaciers. In total, glacier area decreased by 4.7 ± 2.1% or19.2 ± 8.7 km2 from 407.3 ± 5.4 km2 to 388.1 ± 5.2 km2.Glaciers located in the central and western MCR lost 13.4 ± 7.3 km2(4.7 ± 2.5%) in total or 8.5 km2 (5.0 ± 2.4%) and4.9 km2 (4.1 ± 2.7%) respectively. Glaciers on Mt.Elbrus, although located at higher elevations, lost 5.8 ± 1.4 km2(4.9 ± 1.2%) of their total area. The recession rates of valleyglacier termini increased between 1987–2000/01 and 2000/01–2010 (2000 for the western MCR and 2001 for the central MCR and Mt.~Elbrus) from3.8 ± 0.8, 3.2 ± 0.9 and 8.3 ± 0.8 m yr−1to 11.9 ± 1.1, 8.7 ± 1.1 and14.1 ± 1.1 m yr−1 in the central and western MCR and on Mt. Elbrusrespectively. The highest rate of increase in glacier termini retreat wasregistered on the southern slope of the central MCR where it has tripled. Apositive trend in summer temperatures forced glacier recession, and strongpositive temperature anomalies in 1998, 2006, and 2010 contributed to theenhanced loss of ice. An increase in accumulation season precipitationobserved in the northern MCR since the mid-1980s has not compensated for theeffects of summer warming while the negative precipitation anomalies,observed on the southern slope of the central MCR in the 1990s, resulted instronger glacier wastage

Deglaciation of the Caucasus Mountains, Russia/Georgia, in the 21st century observed with ASTER satellite imagery and aerial photography