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Observations over the last 30 yr have shown that the sea ice extent  in the Southern Ocean has slightly increased since 1979. Mechanisms  responsible for this positive trend have not been well established  yet. In this study we tackle two related issues:  is the observed positive trend compatible with the internal variability  of the system, and do the models agree with what we know about  the observed internal variability? For that  purpose, we analyse the evolution of sea ice around the Antarctic  simulated by 24 different general circulation models involved in the  5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5),  using both historical and hindcast experiments.  Our analyses show that CMIP5 models respond to the  forcing, including the one induced by stratospheric ozone depletion,  by reducing the sea ice cover in the Southern Ocean. Some  simulations display an increase in sea ice extent similar to the observed  one. According to models, the observed positive trend is compatible  with internal variability. However, models  strongly overestimate the variance of sea ice extent and the  initialization methods currently used in models do not improve  systematically the simulated trends in sea ice extent. On the basis  of those results, a critical role of the internal variability in the  observed increase of sea ice extent in the Southern Ocean could  not be ruled out, but current models results appear inadequate to  test more precisely this hypothesis

How does internal variability influence the ability of CMIP5 models to reproduce the recent trend in Southern Ocean sea ice extent?