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This article describes the Memorial University of Newfoundland/Penn StateUniversity (MUN/PSU) glacial systems model (GSM) that has been developedspecifically for large-ensemble data-constrained analysis of past AntarcticIce Sheet evolution. Our approach emphasizes the introduction of a large setof model parameters to explicitly account for the uncertainties inherent inthe modelling of such a complex system.  At the core of the GSM is a 3-D thermo-mechanically coupled ice sheet modelthat solves both the shallow ice and shallow shelf approximations. Thisenables the different stress regimes of ice sheet, ice shelves, and icestreams to be represented. The grounding line is modelled through ananalytical sub-grid flux parameterization. To this dynamical core thefollowing have been added: a heavily parameterized basal drag component; avisco-elastic isostatic adjustment solver; a diverse set of climate forcings(to remove any reliance on any single method); tidewater and ice shelfcalving functionality; and a new physically motivated, empirically-derivedsub-ice-shelf melt (SSM) component. To assess the accuracy of the latter, wecompare predicted SSM values against a compilation of published observations.Within parametric and observational uncertainties, computed SSM for thepresent-day ice sheet is in accord with observations for all but the Filchnerice shelf.  The GSM has 31 ensemble parameters that are varied to account (in part) forthe uncertainty in the ice physics, the climate forcing, and the ice–oceaninteraction. We document the parameters and parametric sensitivity of themodel to motivate the choice of ensemble parameters in a quest toapproximately bound reality (within the limits of 31 parameters)

A glacial systems model configured for large ensemble analysis of Antarctic deglaciation