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We calculated the distributed surface mass and energy balance of  Shallap Glacier, Cordillera Blanca, Peru (9° S,  77° W, 4700–5700 m a.s.l., ~ 7 km<sup>2</sup>), on hourly time steps for two years (September  2006–August 2008) using a process-based model and meteorological  measurements as input. Model parameter combinations were optimized  against 21 temporal readings of 20 stakes in the ablation zone of  the glacier. Uncertainty caused by model input parameters and  parameterization schemes was estimated using a leave-one out  cross-validation scheme, which yields values of root mean square  deviation (RMSD) of surface height change < 1 m  (< 10% of the measured amplitude) for all stakes. With the best  parameter combination (smallest RMSD) applied, the modeled annual  surface mass balance of the glacier was −0.32 ± 0.4 m w.e. (water  equivalent)  for September 2006–August 2007 and 0.51 ± 0.56 m w.e.  for September 2007–August 2008. While the mass balance above  5000 m was similar in both years (Δ 0.33 ± 0.68 m w.e.) due to similar annual sums of solid  precipitation, a difference of 1.97 ± 0.68 m w.e. was  calculated for the lower parts of the glacier. This difference is  associated with more frequent occurrence of higher snow line  altitudes during the first year, which was mainly caused by a higher  fraction of liquid precipitation due to higher mean air  temperatures. As the net shortwave budget was found to be the main  source for ablation throughout the year at Shallap Glacier, lower  surface albedo especially caused by lower solid precipitation amounts explains most of  the difference in modeled ablation and mass balance between the two  years

Modeling energy and mass balance of Shallap Glacier, Peru