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Evolution of glaciers in response to climate change has mostly been  simulated using simplified dynamical models. Because these models do  not account for the influence of high-order physics, corresponding  results may exhibit some biases. For Haig Glacier in the Canadian  Rocky Mountains, we test this hypothesis by comparing simulation  results obtained from 3-D numerical models that deal with different  assumptions concerning physics, ranging from simple  shear deformation to comprehensive Stokes flow. In glacier retreat  scenarios, we find a minimal role of high-order mechanics in glacier  evolution, as geometric effects at our site (the presence of an  overdeepened bed) result in limited horizontal movement of ice (flow  speed on the order of a few meters per year). Consequently, high-order  and reduced models all predict that Haig Glacier ceases to exist by  ca. 2080 under ongoing climate warming. The influence of high-order  mechanics is evident, however, in glacier advance scenarios, where ice  speeds are greater and ice dynamical effects become more important.  Although similar studies on other glaciers are essential to  generalize such findings,  we advise that high-order mechanics are important and therefore should be  considered while modeling the evolution of active glaciers. Reduced  model predictions may be adequate for other glaciologic and  topographic settings, particularly where flow speeds are low  and where mass balance changes dominate over  ice dynamics in determining glacier geometry

Influence of high-order mechanics on simulation of glacier response to climate change: insights from Haig Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains