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The effects of internal model variability on the simulation of  Arctic sea-ice extent and volume have been examined with the aid of  a seven-member ensemble with a coupled regional climate model for  the period 1948–2008. Beyond general weaknesses related to  insufficient representation of feedback processes, it is found that  the model's ability to reproduce observed summer sea-ice retreat  depends mainly on two factors: the correct simulation of the  atmospheric circulation during the summer months and the sea-ice  volume at the beginning of the melting period. Since internal model  variability shows its maximum during the summer months, the ability  to reproduce the observed atmospheric summer circulation is limited.  In addition, the atmospheric circulation during summer also  significantly affects the sea-ice volume over the years leading to  a limited ability to start with reasonable sea-ice volume into the  melting period. Furthermore, the sea-ice volume pathway shows  notable decadal variability that varies in amplitude among the  ensemble members. The scatter is particularly large in periods when  the ice volume increases, indicating limited skill in reproducing  high-ice years

Limitations of a coupled regional climate model in the reproduction of the observed Arctic sea-ice retreat