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Determinations of glacier-wide mass and energy balance are still scarce for the remote mountains of  the Tibetan Plateau, where field measurements are challenging. Here we run and evaluate a physical,  distributed mass balance model for Zhadang Glacier (central Tibet, 30° N) based on in-situ  measurements over 2009–2011 and an uncertainty estimate by Monte Carlo and ensemble strategies. The  model application aims to provide the first quantification of how the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM)  impacts an entire glacier over the various stages of the monsoon's annual cycle. We find a strong and  systematic ISM footprint on the interannual scale. Early (late) monsoon onset causes higher (lower)  accumulation, and reduces (increases) the available energy for ablation primarily through changes in  absorbed shortwave radiation. By contrast, only a weak footprint exists in the ISM cessation  phase. Most striking though is the core monsoon season: local mass and energy balance variability is  fully decoupled from the active/break cycle that defines large-scale atmospheric variability during  the ISM. Our results demonstrate quantitatively that monsoon onset strongly affects the ablation  season of glaciers in Tibet. However, we find no direct ISM impact on the glacier in the main monsoon  season, which has not been acknowledged so far. This result also adds cryospheric evidence that,  once the monsoon is in full swing, regional atmospheric variability prevails on the Tibetan Plateau in summer

The footprint of Asian monsoon dynamics in the mass and energy balance of a Tibetan glacier