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. Glaciers and rock glaciers play an important role in the hydrology of thesemi-arid northern Chile. Several studies show that glaciers have rapidlylost mass in response to climate change during the last decades. Theresponse of rock glaciers to climate change in this region is, however, lessknown. In this study we use a combination of historical aerial photography,stereo satellite imagery, airborne lidar, and the Shuttle Radar TopographyMission (SRTM) DEM to report glacier changes for the Tapado Glacier–rockglacier complex from the 1950s to 2020 and to report mass balances for theglacier component of the complex, Tapado Glacier. Furthermore, we examinehigh-resolution elevation changes and surface velocities between 2012 and2020 for 35 rock glaciers in the La Laguna catchment. Our results show howTapado Glacier has shrunk by -25.2±4.6 % between 1956 and 2020,while the mass balance of Tapado Glacier has become steadily more negative,from being approximately in balance between 1956 and 1978 (-0.04±0.08 m w.e. a−1) to showing increased losses between 2015 and 2020(-0.32±0.08 m w.e. a−1). Climatological (re-)analyses reveal ageneral increase in air temperature, decrease in humidity, and variableprecipitation since the 1980s in the region. In particular, the severedroughts starting in 2010 resulted in a negative mass balance of-0.54±0.10 m w.e. a−1 between 2012 and 2015. The rock glacierswithin the La Laguna catchment show heterogenous changes, with some sections oflandforms exhibiting pronounced elevation changes and surface velocitiesexceeding that of Tapado Glacier. This could be indicative of high icecontents within the landforms and also highlights the importance ofconsidering how landforms can transition from more glacial landforms to moreperiglacial features under permafrost conditions. As such, we believehigh-resolution (sub-metre) elevation changes and surface velocities are auseful first step for identifying ice-rich landforms.

Glacier and rock glacier changes since the 1950s in the La Laguna catchment, Chile