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. Surface meltwater is widespread around the Antarctic IceSheet margin and has the potential to influence ice shelf stability, iceflow and ice–albedo feedbacks. Our understanding of the seasonal andmulti-year evolution of Antarctic surface meltwater is limited. Attempts togenerate robust meltwater cover time series have largely been constrained bycomputational expense or limited ice surface visibility associated withmapping from optical satellite imagery. Here, we add a novel method forcalculating visibility metrics to an existing meltwater detection methodwithin Google Earth Engine. This enables us to quantify uncertainty inducedby cloud cover and variable image data coverage, allowing time series ofsurface meltwater area to be automatically generated over large spatial andtemporal scales. We demonstrate our method on the Amery Ice Shelf region ofEast Antarctica, analysing 4164 Landsat 7 and 8 optical images between 2005and 2020. Results show high interannual variability in surface meltwatercover, with mapped cumulative lake area totals ranging from 384 to3898 km2 per melt season. By incorporating image visibilityassessments, however, we estimate that cumulative total lake areas are onaverage 42 % higher than minimum mapped values. We show that modelledmelt predictions from a regional climate model provide a good indication oflake cover in the Amery region and that annual lake coverage is typicallyhighest in years with a negative austral summer SAM index. Our resultsdemonstrate that our method could be scaled up to generate a multi-year timeseries record of surface water extent from optical imagery at acontinent-wide scale.

Automated mapping of the seasonal evolution of surface meltwater and its links to climate on the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica