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. Detailed characterization of the spatially and temporallyvarying inherent optical properties (IOPs) of sea ice is necessary to betterpredict energy and mass balances, as well as ice-associated primaryproduction. Here we present the development of an active optical probe tomeasure IOPs of a small volume of sea ice (dm3) in situ andnon-destructively. The probe is derived from the diffuse reflectance methodused to measure the IOPs of human tissues. The instrument emits light intothe ice by the use of an optical fibre. Backscattered light is measured atmultiple distances away from the source using several receiving fibres.Comparison to a Monte Carlo simulated lookup table allows, in theory,retrieval of the absorption coefficient, the reduced scattering coefficient anda phase function similarity parameter γ, introduced by Bevilacquaand Depeursinge (1999). γ depends on the two first moments of theLegendre polynomials, allowing the analysis of the backscattered light notsatisfying the diffusion regime. The depth reached into the medium bydetected photons was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations: the maximumdepth reached by 95 % of the detected photons was between 40±2and 270±20 mm depending on the source–detector distance and on theice scattering properties. The magnitude of the instrument validation erroron the reduced scattering coefficient ranged from 0.07 % for the mostscattering medium to 35 % for the less scattering medium over the 2orders of magnitude we validated. Fixing the absorption coefficient andγ, which proved difficult to measure, vertical profiles of thereduced scattering coefficient were obtained with decimetre resolution onfirst-year Arctic interior sea ice on Baffin Island in early spring 2019. Wemeasured values of up to 7.1 m−1 for the uppermost layer of interiorice and down to 0.15±0.05 m−1 for the bottommost layer. Thesevalues are in the range of polar interior sea ice measurements published byother authors. The inversion of the reduced scattering coefficient at thisscale was strongly dependent on the value of γ, highlighting theneed to define the higher moments of the phase function. This newlydeveloped probe provides a fast and reliable means for measurement ofscattering in sea ice.

Development of a diffuse reflectance probe for in situ measurement of inherent optical properties in sea ice