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. The Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden glacier (also known as the 79∘ North Glacier) drains approximately 8 % of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Supraglacial lakes (SGLs), or surface melt ponds, are a persistent summertime feature and arethought to drain rapidly to the base of the glacier and influence seasonal icevelocity. However, seasonal development and spatial distribution of SGLs inthe north-east of Greenland are poorly understood, leaving a substantial error in the estimate of meltwater and its impacts on ice velocity. Using results from an automated detection of melt ponds, atmospheric and surface massbalance modelling, and reanalysis products, we investigate the role of specific climatic conditions in melt onset, extent, and duration from 2016 to 2019. The summers of 2016 and 2019 were characterised by above-average air temperatures, particularly in June, as well as a number of rainfall events, which led toextensive melt ponds to elevations up to 1600 m. Conversely, 2018 wasparticularly cold, with a large accumulated snowpack, which limited thedevelopment of lakes to altitudes less than 800 m. There is evidenceof inland expansion and increases in the total area of lakes compared to theearly 2000s, as projected by future global warming scenarios.

The distribution and evolution of supraglacial lakes on 79° N Glacier (north-eastern Greenland) and interannual climatic controls