English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

. We present repeated radio-echo sounding (RES, 5 MHz) on a profilegrid over the eastern Skaftá cauldron (ESC) in Vatnajökull ice cap,Iceland. The ESC is a ∼ 3 km wide and 50–150 m deep icecauldron created and maintained by subglacial geothermal activity of∼ 1 GW. Beneath the cauldron and 200–400 m thick ice, wateraccumulates in a subglacial lake and is released semi-regularly injökulhlaups. The RES record consists of annual surveys conducted at thebeginning of every summer during the period 2014–2020. Comparison of the RESsurveys reveals variable lake area (0.5–4.1 km2) and enables tracedreflections from the lake roof to be distinguished from bedrock reflections.This allows construction of a digital elevation model (DEM) of the bedrockin the area, further constrained by two borehole measurements at thecauldron centre. It also allows creation of lake thickness maps and anestimate of lake volume at the time of each survey, which we compare withlowering patterns and released water volumes obtained from pre- andpost-jökulhlaup surface DEMs. The estimated lake volume was 250 GL(gigalitres = 106 m3) in June 2015, but 320 ± 20 GL drained from the ESC inOctober 2015. In June 2018, RES profiles revealed a lake volume of 185 GL,while 220 ± 30 GL were released in a jökulhlaup in August 2018.Considering the water accumulation over the periods between RES surveys andjökulhlaups, this indicates 10 %–20 % uncertainty in the RES-derivedvolumes at times when significant jökulhlaups may be expected.

Development of a subglacial lake monitored with radio-echo sounding: case study from the eastern Skaftá cauldron in the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland