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. Many glaciers are thinning rapidly beneath melt-reducingdebris cover, including Kennicott Glacier in Alaska where glacier-widemaximum thinning also occurs under debris. This contradiction has beenexplained by melt hotspots, such as ice cliffs, scattered within the debriscover. However, melt hotspots alone cannot account for the rapid thinning atKennicott Glacier. We consider the significance of ice cliffs, debris, andice dynamics in addressing this outstanding problem. We collected abundant in situ measurements of debris thickness, sub-debrismelt, and ice cliff backwasting, allowing for extrapolation across thedebris-covered tongue (the study area and the lower 24.2 km 2 of the387 km 2 glacier). A newly developed automatic ice cliff delineationmethod is the first to use only optical satellite imagery. The adaptivebinary threshold method accurately estimates ice cliff coverage even whereice cliffs are small and debris color varies. Kennicott Glacier exhibits the highest fractional area of ice cliffs (11.7 %) documented to date. Ice cliffs contribute 26 % of total melt acrossthe glacier tongue. Although the relative importance of ice cliffs to area-averagemelt is significant, the absolute area-averaged melt is dominated by debris. At Kennicott Glacier, glacier-wide melt rates are not maximized in the zoneof maximum thinning. Declining ice discharge through time therefore explainsthe rapid thinning. There is more debris-covered ice in Alaska than in anyother region on Earth. Through this study, Kennicott Glacier is the firstglacier in Alaska, and the largest glacier globally, where melt across itsdebris-covered tongue has been rigorously quantified.

Debris cover and the thinning of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska: in situ measurements, automated ice cliff delineation and distributed melt estimates