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. Peace River SWIPS (Shallow Water Ice Profiling Sonar) data were analyzed toquantify the roles of frazil ice and riverbed anchor ice grown in situ during theinitial buildup of a seasonal ice cover. Data were derived throughquasi-continuous monitoring of frazil parameters throughout the watercolumn, providing direct and indirect measures of anchor ice volume and massgrowth rates. Analyses utilized water level and air and water temperatureinformation in conjunction with acoustic volume backscattering coefficientdata to track and interpret spatial and temporal changes in riverbed andwater column ice. Interest focused on four frazil intervals characterized byanomalously low levels of frazil content (relative to simulations with ananchor-ice-free river ice model) as distinguished by two strikinglydifferent types of time dependences. A simple physical model was proposed toquantitatively account for discrepancies between measured and simulatedresults in terms of the pronounced dominance of anchor ice as an initialsource of river ice volume and mass. The distinctive differences intemporally variable water column frazil content are attributed, in thismodel, to corresponding differences in the stabilities of riverbed anchorice layers against detachment and buoyancy-driven movement to the riversurface. In accord with earlier observations, the stability of in situ grownriverbed ice layers appears to be inversely proportional to cooling rates.The strength of the coupling between the two studied ice species was shownto be strong enough to detect changes in the anchor ice constituent fromvariations in water column frazil content.

the cryosphere

Analyses of Peace River Shallow Water Ice Profiling Sonar data and their implications for the roles played by frazil ice and in situ anchor ice growth in a freezing river