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. Infrastructure built on perennially frozen ice-richground relies heavily on thermally stable subsurface conditions. Climate-warming-induced deepening of ground thaw puts such infrastructure at risk offailure. For better assessing the risk of large-scale future damage to Arcticinfrastructure, improved strategies for model-based approaches are urgentlyneeded. We used the laterally coupled 1D heat conduction model CryoGrid3to simulate permafrost degradation affected by linear infrastructure. Wepresent a case study of a gravel road built on continuous permafrost (Daltonhighway, Alaska) and forced our model under historical and strong futurewarming conditions (following the RCP8.5 scenario). As expected, the presenceof a gravel road in the model leads to higher net heat flux entering theground compared to a reference run without infrastructure and thus a higherrate of thaw. Further, our results suggest that road failure is likely aconsequence of lateral destabilisation due to talik formation in the groundbeside the road rather than a direct consequence of a top-down thawing anddeepening of the active layer below the road centre. In line with previousstudies, we identify enhanced snow accumulation and ponding (both aconsequence of infrastructure presence) as key factors for increased soiltemperatures and road degradation. Using differing horizontal modelresolutions we show that it is possible to capture these key factors and theirimpact on thawing dynamics with a low number of lateral model units,underlining the potential of our model approach for use in pan-Arctic riskassessments. Our results suggest a general two-phase behaviour of permafrost degradation:an initial phase of slow and gradual thaw, followed by a strong increase inthawing rates after the exceedance of a critical ground warming. The timing ofthis transition and the magnitude of thaw rate acceleration differ stronglybetween undisturbed tundra and infrastructure-affected permafrost ground. Ourmodel results suggest that current model-based approaches which do notexplicitly take into account infrastructure in their designs are likely tostrongly underestimate the timing of future Arctic infrastructure failure. By using a laterally coupled 1D model to simulate linearinfrastructure, we infer results in line with outcomes from more complex 2Dand 3D models, but our model's computational efficiency allows us to accountfor long-term climate change impacts on infrastructure from permafrostdegradation. Our model simulations underline that it is crucial to considerclimate warming when planning and constructing infrastructure on permafrost asa transition from a stable to a highly unstable state can well occur withinthe service lifetime (about 30 years) of such a construction. Such atransition can even be triggered in the coming decade by climate change forinfrastructure built on high northern latitude continuous permafrost thatdisplays cold and relatively stable conditions today.

Consequences of permafrost degradation for Arctic infrastructure – bridging the model gap between regional and engineering scales