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. The lower parts of two glaciers in the Aru range on thewestern Tibetan Plateau (TP) collapsed on 17 July and 21 September 2016,respectively, causing fatal damage to local people and their livestock. Thegiant ice avalanches, with a total volume of 150  ×  10 6  m 3 ,had almost melted by September 2019 (about 30 % of the second iceavalanche remained). The impact of these extreme disasters on downstreamlakes has not been investigated yet. Based on in situ observation,bathymetry survey and satellite data, we explore the impact of the iceavalanches on the two downstream lakes (i.e., Aru Co and Memar Co) in termsof lake morphology, water level and water temperature in the subsequent 4 years (2016–2019). After the first glacier collapse, the ice avalanche slidinto Aru Co along with a large amount of debris, which generated greatimpact waves in Aru Co and significantly modified the lake's shoreline andunderwater topography. An ice volume of at least 7.1  ×  10 6  m 3 was discharged into Aru Co, spread over the lake surface andconsiderably lowered its surface temperature by 2–4  ∘ C in the first 2 weeks after the first glacier collapse. Due to the large amount of meltwaterinput, Memar Co exhibited more rapid expansion after the glacier collapses(2016–2019) than before (2003–2014), in particular during the warm season.The melting of ice avalanches was found to contribute to about 23 % of theincrease in lake storage between 2016 and 2019. Our results indicate thatthe Aru glacier collapses had both short-term and long-term impacts on thedownstream lakes and provide a baseline in understanding the future lakeresponse to glacier melting on the TP under a warming climate.

Response of downstream lakes to Aru glacier collapses on the western Tibetan Plateau