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. On glaciers and ice sheets, identifying the relationship betweenvelocity and traction is critical to constrain the bed physics that controlsice flow. Yet in Greenland, these relationships remain unquantified. Wedetermine the spatial relationship between velocity and traction in alleight major drainage catchments of Greenland. The basal traction isestimated using three different methods over large grid cells to minimizeinterpretation biases associated with unconstrained rheologic parametersused in numerical inversions. We find the relationships are consistent withour current understanding of basal physics in each catchment. We identifycatchments that predominantly show Mohr–Coulomb-like behavior typical ofdeforming beds or significant cavitation, as well as catchments thatpredominantly show rate-strengthening behavior typical of Weertman-typehard-bed physics. Overall, the traction relationships suggest that the flowfield and surface geometry of the grounded regions in Greenland is mainlydictated by Weertman-type hard-bed physics up to velocities of approximately450 m yr−1, except within the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream and areas nearfloatation. Depending on the catchment, behavior of the fastest-flowing ice(∼ 1000 m yr−1) directly inland from marine-terminating outletsexhibits Weertman-type rate strengthening, Mohr–Coulomb-like behavior, or isnot confidently resolved given our methodology. Given the complex basalboundary across Greenland, the relationships are captured reasonably well bysimple traction laws which provide a parameterization that can be used tomodel ice dynamics at large scales. The results and analysis serve as afirst constraint on the physics of basal motion over the grounded regions ofGreenland and provide unique insight into future dynamics andvulnerabilities in a warming climate.

Basal traction mainly dictated by hard-bed physics over grounded regions of Greenland