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. Here, we present radiative forcing (RF) estimates by snowalgae in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) region from multi-year measurements ofsolar radiation and ground-based hyperspectral characterization of red andgreen snow algae collected during a brief field expedition in austral summer 2018. Our analysis includes pigment content from samples at three bloomsites. Algal biomass in the snow and albedo reduction are well-correlatedacross the visible spectrum. Relative to clean snow, visibly green patchesreduce snow albedo by ∼40 % and red patches by∼20 %. However, red communities absorb considerably morelight per milligram of pigment compared to green communities, particularly in greenwavelengths. Based on our study results, it should be possible todifferentiate red and green algae using Sentinel-2 bands in blue, green andred wavelengths. Instantaneous RF averages were double for green (180 W m−2) vs. red communities (88 W m−2), with a maximum of 228 W m−2. Based on multi-year solar radiation measurements at PalmerStation, this translated to a mean daily RF of ∼26 W m−2(green) and ∼13 W m−2 (red) during peak growing season– on par with midlatitude dust attributions capable of advancing snowmelt.This results in ∼2522 m3 of snow melted bygreen-colored algae and ∼1218 m3 of snow melted byred-colored algae annually over the summer, suggesting snow algae play asignificant role in snowmelt in the AP regions where they occur. We suggestimpacts of RF by snow algae on snowmelt be accounted for in future estimatesof Antarctic ice-free expansion in the AP region.

the cryosphere

Spectral characterization, radiative forcing and pigment content of coastal Antarctic snow algae: approaches to spectrally discriminate red and green communities and their impact on snowmelt