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. Arctic sea ice kinematics and deformation playsignificant roles in heat and momentum exchange between the atmosphere andocean, and at the same time they have profound impacts on biological processesand biogeochemical cycles. However, the mechanisms regulating their changeson seasonal scales and their spatial variability remain poorly understood.Using position data recorded by 32 buoys in the Pacific sector of the ArcticOcean (PAO), we characterized the spatiotemporal variations in icekinematics and deformation for autumn–winter 2018/19, during the transitionfrom a melting sea ice regime to a nearly consolidated ice pack. In autumn,the response of the sea ice drift to wind and inertial forcing was strongerin the southern and western PAO compared to the northern and eastern PAO.These spatial heterogeneities gradually weakened from autumn to winter, inline with the seasonal increases in ice concentration and thickness.Correspondingly, ice deformation became much more localized as the sea icemechanical strength increased, with the area proportion occupied by thestrongest (15 %) ice deformation decreasing by about 50 % from autumnto winter. During the freezing season, ice deformation rate in the northernPAO was about 2.5 times higher than in the western PAO and probably relatedto the higher spatial heterogeneity of oceanic and atmospheric forcing inthe north. North–south and east–west gradients in sea ice kinematics anddeformation within the PAO, as observed especially during autumn in thisstudy, are likely to become more pronounced in the future as a result of alonger melt season, especially in the western and southern parts.

Seasonal changes in sea ice kinematics and deformation in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean in 2018/19