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. Global warming accelerates permafrost thawing and changes its microbialcommunity structure, but little is known about how microorganisms inpermafrost with different ages respond to thawing. Herein, we disentangledthe relative importance of permafrost age (young, medium-aged, old, and ancient, spanning from 50 to 5000 years) and thawing status (active, transitional, andpermanently frozen) in shaping bacterial community structure using HiSeqsequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results revealed significant influencesof both permafrost thawing and age on bacterial richness. The bacterialrichness was significantly higher in the young and thawed permafrost, andthe richness increase was mainly observed in Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Deltaproteobacteria, andAlphaproteobacteria. Permafrost thawing led to a gradual change in bacterial communitystructure and increased contribution of determinism. Permutational analysisof variance demonstrated that thawing significantly changed bacterialcommunity structure at all soil ages, but the community convergence due topermafrost thawing was not observed. Structural equation modeling revealedthat permafrost thawing exhibited a greater influence on both bacterialrichness and community structure than permafrost age. Our results indicatethat microorganisms in permafrost with different ages respond differently tothawing, which eventually leads to distinct bacterial community compositionsand different organic carbon decomposition processes in Arctic permafrost.

Permafrost thawing exhibits a greater influence on bacterial richness and community structure than permafrost age in Arctic permafrost soils