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. Surface snowmelt in the pan-Antarctic region, including the Antarcticice sheet (AIS) and sea ice, is crucial to the mass and energy balancein polar regions and can serve as an indicator of climate change. Inthis study, we investigate the spatial and temporal variations insurface snowmelt over the entire pan-Antarctic region from 2002 to2017 by using passive microwave remote sensing data. The stable orbitsand appropriate acquisition times of the Advanced Microwave ScanningRadiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the AdvancedMicrowave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) enable us to take full advantageof daily brightness temperature (Tb) variations to detect surfacesnowmelt. The difference between AMSR-E/2 ascending and descending36.5 GHz Tb values in vertical polarization (DAV36) was utilized tomap the pan-Antarctic region snowmelt, as this method is unaffected bysnow metamorphism. We evaluated the DAV36 algorithm againstground-based measurements and further improved the method over themarginal sea ice zone by excluding the effect of open water. Snowmeltdetected by AMSR-E/2 data was more extensive and persistent than thatdetected by the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data.Continuous melt onset (CMO) ranged from August in the marginal sea icezone to January in the Antarctic inland, and the early transient meltevents occurred several days to more than 2 months earlier. Thepan-Antarctic region CMO was significantly correlated (R=0.54, p&lt;0.05) with the summer Southern Annular Mode (SAM). The decreased AISmelt extent was very likely linked (R=-0.82, p&lt;0.01) with theenhanced summer SAM.

Recent changes in pan-Antarctic region surface snowmelt detected by AMSR-E and AMSR2