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. Sea ice pressure poses great risk for navigation; it can lead to ship besetting and damages. Contemporary large-scale sea ice forecasting systemscan predict the evolution of sea ice pressure. There is, however, a mismatch between the spatial resolution of these systems (a few kilometres) and thetypical dimensions of ships (a few tens of metres) navigating in ice-covered regions. In this paper, the downscaling of sea ice pressure from thekilometre-scale to scales relevant for ships is investigated by conducting high-resolution idealized numerical experiments with a viscous-plastic sea icemodel. Results show that sub-grid-scale pressure values can be significantly larger than the large-scale pressure (up to ∼  4 times largerin our numerical experiments). High pressure at the sub-grid scale is associated with the presence of defects (e.g. a lead). Numerical experimentsshow significant stress concentration on both sides of a ship beset in sea ice, especially at the back. The magnitude of the stress concentrationincreases with the length of the lead (or channel) behind the ship and decreases as sea ice consolidates by either thermodynamical growth ormechanical closing. These results also highlight the difficulty of forecasting, for navigation applications, the small-scale distribution ofpressure, and especially the largest values as the important parameters (i.e. the length of the lead behind the ship and the thickness of therefrozen ice) are not well constrained.

Toward a method for downscaling sea ice pressure for navigation purposes