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. Snow avalanches cause fatalities and economic damage. Key to theirmitigation is the understanding of snow avalanche dynamics. Thisstudy investigates the dynamic behavior of snow avalanches, using thematerial point method (MPM) and an elastoplastic constitutive law forporous cohesive materials. By virtue of the hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangiannature of the MPM, we can handle processes involving large deformations,collisions and fractures. Meanwhile, the elastoplastic model enablesus to capture the mixed-mode failure of snow, including tensile, shearand compressive failure. Using the proposed numerical approach,distinct behaviors of snow avalanches, from fluid-like to solid-like,are examined with varied snow mechanical properties. In particular,four flow regimes reported from real observations are identified,namely, cold dense, warm shear, warm plug and sliding slabregimes. Moreover, notable surges and roll waves are observedpeculiarly for flows in transition from cold dense to warm shearregimes. Each of the flow regimes shows unique flow characteristics interms of the evolution of the avalanche front, the free-surface shape,and the vertical velocity profile. We further explore the influence ofslope geometry on the behavior of snow avalanches, including theeffect of slope angle and path length on the maximum flow velocity,the runout angle and the deposit height. Unified trends are obtainedbetween the normalized maximum flow velocity and the scaled runoutangle as well as the scaled deposit height, reflecting analogous ruleswith different geometry conditions of the slope. It is found that themaximum flow velocity is mainly controlled by the friction between thebed and the flow, the geometry of the slope, and the snowproperties. We reveal the crucial effect of both flow and depositionbehaviors on the runout angle. Furthermore, our MPM modeling iscalibrated and tested with simulations of real snow avalanches. Theevolution of the avalanche front position and velocity from the MPMmodeling shows reasonable agreement with the measurement data from theliterature. The MPM approach serves as a novel and promising tool tooffer systematic and quantitative analysis for mitigation ofgravitational hazards like snow avalanches.

The mechanical origin of snow avalanche dynamics and flow regime transitions