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. Projections of the contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to future sea-level rise include uncertainties primarily due to the imposed climateforcing and the initial state of the ice sheet model. Several state-of-the-art ice flow models are currently being employed on various gridresolutions to estimate future mass changes in the framework of the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6). Here we investigatethe sensitivity to grid resolution of centennial sea-level contributions from the Greenland ice sheet and study the mechanism at play. We employ thefinite-element higher-order Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM) and conduct experiments with four different horizontal resolutions, namely 4, 2, 1 and0.75 km. We run the simulation based on the ISMIP6 core climate forcing from the MIROC5 global circulation model (GCM) under the high-emissionRepresentative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario and consider both atmospheric and oceanic forcing in full and separate scenarios. Under thefull scenarios, finer simulations unveil up to approximately 5 % more sea-level rise compared to the coarser resolution. The sensitivity dependson the magnitude of outlet glacier retreat, which is implemented as a series of retreat masks following the ISMIP6 protocol. Without imposed retreatunder atmosphere-only forcing, the resolution dependency exhibits an opposite behaviour with approximately 5 % more sea-level contributionin the coarser resolution. The sea-level contribution indicates a converging behaviour below a 1  km horizontal resolution. A driving mechanismfor differences is the ability to resolve the bedrock topography, which highly controls ice discharge to the ocean. Additionally, thinning andacceleration emerge to propagate further inland in high resolution for many glaciers. A major response mechanism is sliding, with an enhancedfeedback on the effective normal pressure at higher resolution leading to a larger increase in sliding speeds under scenarios with outlet glacierretreat.

the cryosphere

Sensitivity of Greenland ice sheet projections to spatial resolution in higher-order simulations: the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) contribution to ISMIP6 Greenland using the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM)