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. We use repeat high-resolution airborne geophysical dataconsisting of laser altimetry, snow, and Ku-band radar and optical imageryacquired in 2014, 2016, and 2017 to analyze the spatial and temporalvariability in surface roughness, slope, wind deposition, and snowaccumulation at 88∘ S, an elevation bias validation site forICESat-2 and potential validation site for CryoSat-2. We find significantsmall-scale variability (&lt;10 km) in snow accumulation based on thesnow radar subsurface stratigraphy, indicating areas of strong windredistribution are prevalent at 88∘ S. In general, highs in snowaccumulation rate correspond with topographic lows, resulting in a negativecorrelation coefficient of r2=-0.32 between accumulation rate andMSWD (mean slope in the mean wind direction). This relationship is strongestin areas where the dominant wind direction is parallel to the surveyprofile, which is expected as the geophysical surveys only capture atwo-dimensional cross section of snow redistribution. Variability in snowaccumulation appears to correlate with variability in MSWD. The correlationcoefficient between the standard deviations of accumulation rate and MSWD isr2=0.48, indicating a stronger link between the standard deviationsthan the actual parameters. Our analysis shows that there is no simplerelationship between surface slope, wind direction, and snow accumulationrates for the overall survey area. We find high variability in surfaceroughness derived from laser altimetry measurements on length scalessmaller than 10 km, sometimes with very distinct and sharp transitions. Someareas also show significant temporal variability over the course of the 3survey years. Ultimately, there is no statistically significantslope-independent relationship between surface roughness and accumulationrates within our survey area. The observed correspondence between thesmall-scale temporal and spatial variability in surface roughness andbackscatter, as evidenced by Ku-band radar signal strength retrievals, willmake it difficult to develop elevation bias corrections for radar altimeterretrieval algorithms.

Temporal and spatial variability in surface roughness and accumulation rate around 88° S from repeat airborne geophysical surveys