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. The necessity of characterizing snow through objective,physically motivated parameters has led to new model formulations andnew measurement techniques. Consequently, essential structural parameters such as densityand specific surface area (for basic characterization) ormechanical parameters such as the critical crack length (for avalanchestability characterization) gradually replace the semiempiricalindices acquired from traditional stratigraphy. These advances comealong with new demands and potentials for validation. To this end, weconducted the RHOSSA field campaign, in reference to density (ρ) and specific surface area (SSA), at the Weissfluhjoch research sitein the Swiss Alps to provide a multi-instrument, multi-resolutiondataset of density, SSA and critical crack lengthover the complete winter season of 2015–2016. In this paper, we presentthe design of the campaign and a basic analysis of the measurementsalongside predictions from the model SNOWPACK. To bridge betweentraditional and new methods, the campaign comprises traditionalprofiles, density cutter, IceCube, SnowMicroPen (SMP),micro-computed-tomography, propagation saw tests and compressiontests. To bridge between different temporal resolutions, thetraditional weekly to biweekly (every 2 weeks, used in this sense throughout the paper) snow pits were complemented by dailySMP measurements. From the latter, we derived arecalibration of the statistical retrieval of density and SSA for SMPversion 4 that yields an unprecedented spatiotemporal picture of the seasonalevolution of density and SSA in a snowpack. Finally, we provide anintercomparison of measured and modeled estimates of density and SSAfor four characteristic layers over the entire season to demonstrate thepotential of high-temporal-resolution monitoring for snowpack model validation.

The RHOSSA campaign: multi-resolution monitoring of the seasonal evolution of the structure and mechanical stability of an alpine snowpack