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. Climate-induced warming of permafrost soils is a global phenomenon,with regional and site-specific variations which are not fullyunderstood. In this context, a 2-D automated electrical resistivitytomography (A-ERT) system was installed for the first time inAntarctica at Deception Island, associated to the existing CraterLake site of the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring – South Program (CALM-S) – site. This setup aims to (i) monitor subsurface freezing andthawing processes on a daily and seasonal basis and map thespatial and temporal variability in thaw depth and to (ii) study theimpact of short-lived extreme meteorological events on active layerdynamics. In addition, the feasibility of installing and runningautonomous ERT monitoring stations in remote and extremeenvironments such as Antarctica was evaluated for the firsttime. Measurements were repeated at 4  h intervals duringa full year, enabling the detection of seasonal trends andshort-lived resistivity changes reflecting individual meteorologicalevents. The latter is important for distinguishing between (1) long-termclimatic trends and (2) the impact of anomalous seasons on theground thermal regime. Our full-year dataset shows large and fast temporal resistivitychanges during the seasonal active layer freezing and thawing andindicates that our system setup can resolve spatiotemporal thawdepth variability along the experimental transect at very hightemporal resolution. The largest resistivity changes took place duringthe freezing season in April, when low temperatures induce an abruptphase change in the active layer in the absence of snow cover. Theseasonal thawing of the active layer is associated with a slowerresistivity decrease during October due to the presence of snowcover and the corresponding zero-curtain effect. Detailedinvestigation of the daily resistivity variations reveals severalperiods with rapid and sharp resistivity changes of the near-surfacelayers due to the brief surficial refreezing of the active layer insummer or brief thawing of the active layer during winter asa consequence of short-lived meteorological extreme events. Theseresults emphasize the significance of the continuous A-ERTmonitoring setup which enables detecting fast changes in the activelayer during short-lived extreme meteorological events. Based on this first complete year-round A-ERT monitoring dataset onDeception Island, we believe that this system shows high potentialfor autonomous applications in remote and harsh polar environmentssuch as Antarctica. The monitoring system can be used with largerelectrode spacing to investigate greater depths, providing adequatemonitoring at sites and depths where boreholes are very costly andthe ecosystem is very sensitive to invasive techniques. Furtherapplications may be the estimation of ice and water contents throughpetrophysical models or the calibration and validationof heat transfermodels between the active layer and permafrost.

Detailed detection of active layer freeze–thaw dynamics using quasi-continuous electrical resistivity tomography (Deception Island, Antarctica)