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. A porous layer of multi-year snow known as firn covers theGreenland-ice-sheet interior. The firn layer buffers the ice-sheetcontribution to sea-level rise by retaining a fraction of summer melt asliquid water and refrozen ice. In this study we quantify the Greenlandice-sheet firn air content (FAC), an indicator of meltwater retentioncapacity, based on 360 point observations. We quantify FAC in both theuppermost 10 m and the entire firn column before interpolating FAC over theentire ice-sheet firn area as an empirical function of long-term mean airtemperature ( T a ‾ ) and net snow accumulation( c ˙ ‾ ) . We estimate a total ice-sheet-wide FAC of 26 800±1840  km 3 , of which 6500±450  km 3 resides within theuppermost 10 m of firn, for the 2010–2017 period. In the dry snow area( T a ‾ ≤ - 19 ∘ C), FAC has not changedsignificantly since 1953. In the low-accumulation percolation area( T a ‾ > - 19 ∘ C and c ˙ ‾ ≤ 600  mm w.e. yr −1) , FAC has decreased by 23±16  % between1998–2008 and 2010–2017. Thisreflects a loss of firn retention capacity of between 150±100  Gt and 540±440  Gt, respectively, from the top 10 m and entire firn column.The top 10 m FACs simulated by three regional climate models (HIRHAM5,RACMO2.3p2, and MARv3.9) agree within 12 % with observations. However,model biases in the total FAC and marked regional differences highlight theneed for caution when using models to quantify the current and future FAC andfirn retention capacity.

Firn data compilation reveals widespread decrease of firn air content in western Greenland