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. Despite the potentially detrimental impact of large-scalecalving events on the geometry and ice flow of the Antarctic Ice Sheet,little is known about the processes that drive rift formation prior tocalving, or what controls the timing of these events. The Brunt Ice Shelf inEast Antarctica presents a rare natural laboratory to study these processes,following the recent formation of two rifts, each now exceeding 50 km inlength. Here we use 2 decades of in situ and remote sensing observations,together with numerical modelling, to reveal how slow changes in ice shelfgeometry over time caused build-up of mechanical tension far upstream of theice front, and culminated in rift formation and a significant speed-up ofthe ice shelf. These internal feedbacks, whereby ice shelves generate thevery conditions that lead to their own (partial) disintegration, arecurrently missing from ice flow models, which severely limits their abilityto accurately predict future sea level rise.

Calving cycle of the Brunt Ice Shelf, Antarctica, driven by changes in ice shelf geometry