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. The majority of Antarctic ice shelves are bounded by grounded ice rises.These ice rises exhibit local flow fields that partially oppose theflow of the surrounding ice shelves. Formation of ice rises isaccompanied by a characteristic upward-arching internal stratigraphy(“Raymond arches”), whose geometry can be analysed to infer informationabout past ice-sheet changes in areas where other archives such as rockoutcrops are missing. Here we present an improved modelling framework tostudy ice-rise evolution using a satellite-velocity calibrated,isothermal, and isotropic 3-D full-Stokes model including grounding-linedynamics at the required mesh resolution ( 500 m). This overcomeslimitations of previous studies where ice-rise modelling has beenrestricted to 2-D and excluded the coupling between the ice shelf and icerise. We apply the model to the Ekstrom Ice Shelf, Antarctica, containingtwo ice rises. Our simulations investigate the effect of surface massbalance and ocean perturbations onto ice-rise divide position andinterpret possible resulting unique Raymond arch geometries. Our resultsshow that changes in the surface mass balance result in immediate andsustained divide migration ( >2.0  m yr −1 ) of up to 3.5 km. In contrast,instantaneous ice-shelf disintegration causes a short-lived and delayed(by 60–100 years) response of smaller magnitude (  m yr −1 ). The modeltracks migration of a triple junction and synchronous ice-dividemigration in both ice rises with similar magnitude but differing rates.The model is suitable for glacial/interglacial simulations on thecatchment scale, providing the next step forward to unravel theice-dynamic history stored in ice rises all around Antarctica.

Kinematic response of ice-rise divides to changes in ocean and atmosphere forcing