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. Ocean-induced basal melting is responsible for much ofthe Amundsen Sea Embayment ice loss in recent decades, but the totalmagnitude and spatiotemporal evolution of this melt is poorly constrained.To address this problem, we generated a record of high-resolution digitalelevation models (DEMs) for Pine Island Glacier (PIG) using commercialsub-meter satellite stereo imagery and integrated additional 2002–2015DEM and altimetry data. We implemented a Lagrangian elevation change (D h∕ D t )framework to estimate ice shelf basal melt rates at 32–256 m resolution. Wedescribe this methodology and consider basal melt rates and elevation changeover the PIG ice shelf and lower catchment from 2008 to 2015. We documentthe evolution of Eulerian elevation change (d h∕ d t ) and upstream propagation ofthinning signals following the end of rapid grounding line retreat around2010. Mean full-shelf basal melt rates for the 2008–2015 period were ∼82 –93 Gt yr −1 , with ∼200 –250 m yr −1 basal meltrates within large channels near the grounding line, ∼10 –30 m yr −1 over the main shelf, and ∼0 –10 m yr −1 over the North shelf andSouth shelf, with the notable exception of a small area with rates of ∼50 –100 m yr −1 near the grounding line of a fast-flowingtributary on the South shelf. The observed basal melt rates show excellentagreement with, and provide context for, in situ basal melt-rate observations. Wealso document the relative melt rates for kilometer-scale basal channels and keelsat different locations on the ice shelf and consider implications for oceancirculation and heat content. These methods and results offer new indirectobservations of ice–ocean interaction and constraints on the processesdriving sub-shelf melting beneath vulnerable ice shelves in West Antarctica.

Ice shelf basal melt rates from a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) record for Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica