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. The Greenland Ice Sheet is losing mass at a significant rate,driven in part by increasing surface-melt-induced runoff. Because the icesheet's surface melt is closely connected to changes in the surface albedo,studying multidecadal changes in the ice sheet's albedo offers insight intosurface melt and associated changes in its surface mass balance. Here, wefirst analyse the CM SAF Cloud, Albedo andSurface Radiation dataset from AVHRR data second edition (CLARA-A2) Surface Albedo (SAL),covering 1982–2015, to obtain decadal albedo trends for each summer month.We also examine the rates of albedo change during the early summer,supported with atmospheric reanalysis data from MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2), to discern changesin the intensity of early summer melt, and their likely drivers. We findthat rates of albedo decrease during summer melt have accelerated during the2000s relative to the early 1980s and that the surface albedos now oftendecrease to values typical of bare ice at elevations 50–100 m higher onthe ice sheet. The southern margins exhibit the opposite behaviour, though,and we suggest this is due to increasing snowfall over the area. We then subtract ice discharge from the mass balance estimates observed bythe Gravity Recovery andClimate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission to estimate surface mass balance. The CLARA-A2 albedo changes are regressed with these data to obtain a summer-aggregatedproxy surface mass balance time series for the summer periods 1982–2015. Thisproxy time series is compared with latest regional climate model estimatesfrom the MAR model to perform an observation-based test on the dominance ofsurface runoff in the magnitude and variability of the summer surface massbalance. We show that the proxy time series agrees with MAR through theanalysed period within the associated uncertainties of the data and methods,demonstrating and confirming that surface runoff has dominated the rapidsurface mass loss period between the 1990s and 2010s. Finally, we extend the analysis to the drainage basin scale to examinedischarge–albedo relationships. We find little evidence of surface-melt-induced ice flow acceleration at annual timescales.

the cryosphere

The surface albedo of the Greenland Ice Sheet between 1982 and 2015 from the CLARA-A2 dataset and its relationship to the ice sheet's surface mass balance