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. The direct glaciological method provides in situ observations ofannual or seasonal surface mass balance, but can only be implemented througha succession of intensive in situ measurements of field networks of stakesand snow pits. This has contributed to glacier surface mass-balancemeasurements being sparse and often discontinuous in the Tien Shan.Nevertheless, long-term glacier mass-balance measurements are the basis forunderstanding climate–glacier interactions and projecting future wateravailability for glacierized catchments in the Tien Shan. RieglVZ®-6000 long-range terrestrial laser scanner(TLS), typically using class 3B laser beams, is exceptionally well suitedfor repeated glacier mapping, and thus determination of annual and seasonalgeodetic mass balance. This paper introduces the applied TLS for monitoringsummer and annual surface elevation and geodetic mass changes of UrumqiGlacier No. 1 as well as delineating accurate glacier boundaries for 2consecutive mass-balance years (2015–2017), and discusses the potential ofsuch technology in glaciological applications. Three-dimensional changes ofice and firn–snow bodies and the corresponding densities were considered forthe volume-to-mass conversion. The glacier showed pronounced thinning andmass loss for the four investigated periods; glacier-wide geodetic massbalance in the mass-balance year 2015–2016 was slightly more negative than in2016–2017. Statistical comparison shows that agreement between theglaciological and geodetic mass balances can be considered satisfactory,indicating that the TLS system yields accurate results and has the potentialto monitor remote and inaccessible glacier areas where no glaciologicalmeasurements are available as the vertical velocity component of the glacieris negligible. For wide applications of the TLS in glaciology, we should usestable scan positions and in-situ-measured densities of snow–firn toestablish volume-to-mass conversion.

Long-range terrestrial laser scanning measurements of annual and intra-annual mass balances for Urumqi Glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China