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Abstract. Snow is an important climate regulator because it greatlyincreases the surface albedo of middle and high latitudes of the Earth.Earth system models (ESMs) often adopt two-stream approximations withdifferent radiative transfer techniques, the same snow therefore hasdifferent solar radiative properties depending whether it is on land or onsea ice. Here we intercompare three two-stream algorithms widely used insnow models, improve their predictions at large zenith angles, and introducea hybrid model suitable for all cryospheric surfaces in ESMs. The algorithmsare those employed by the SNow ICe and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) moduleused in land models, dEdd–AD used in Icepack, the column physics usedin the Los Alamos sea ice model CICE and MPAS-Seaice, and a two-streamdiscrete-ordinate (2SD) model. Compared with a 16-stream benchmark model,the errors in snow visible albedo for a direct-incident beam from all threetwo-stream models are small ( ± 0.005 ) and increase as snowshallows, especially for aged snow. The errors in direct near-infrared(near-IR) albedo are small ( ± 0.005 ) for solar zenith angles θ ∘ , and increase as θ increases. Fordiffuse incidence under cloudy skies, dEdd–AD produces the most accuratesnow albedo for both visible and near-IR ( ± 0.0002 ) with thelowest underestimate ( −0.01 ) for melting thin snow. SNICAR performssimilarly to dEdd–AD for visible albedos, with a slightly largerunderestimate ( −0.02 ), while it overestimates the near-IR albedo by an orderof magnitude more (up to 0.04). 2SD overestimates both visible and near-IRalbedo by up to 0.03. We develop a new parameterization that adjusts theunderestimated direct near-IR albedo and overestimated direct near-IRheating persistent across all two-stream models for θ>75 ∘ . These results are incorporated in a hybrid model SNICAR-AD,which can now serve as a unified solar radiative transfer model for snow inESM land, land ice, and sea ice components.

the cryosphere

Intercomparison and improvement of two-stream shortwave radiative transfer schemes in Earth system models for a unified treatment of cryospheric surfaces