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. Glaciers in the Pamir Mountains are generally acknowledged to bein a stable state and show the least glacial retreat in high-mountain Asia;however, they are also some of the most dynamic glaciers in the region andtheir behaviour has been spatially variable in recent decades. Few data existfor these glaciers, in particular relating to how they are responding torecent climatic changes. Here, we utilize Landsat 7 (ETM + ), Landsat 8(OLI), ASTER, and Google Earth optical images acquired between 1999 and 2016to characterize the dynamics of the glaciers in the Kingata Mountains,located in the eastern Pamir Mountains. We quantify the velocity, areal, and frontalchanges of these glaciers, which provide us with valuable data on theirrecent dynamic evolution and an indication of how they may evolve in futureyears. We highlight 28 glaciers among which 17 have changed markedly over thestudy period. We identify four advancing glaciers and 13 surge-type glaciers.The dynamic evolution of the glacier surges shows some similarity with thoseof the nearby Karakoram, suggesting that both hydrological and thermalcontrols are important for surge initiation and recession. Topography seemsto be a dominant control on non-surge glacier behaviour in the KingataMountains, with the north side of the divide characterized by steep,avalanche-fed basins and glacier tongues now approaching recession incontrast to those on the south side of the divide that capture the majorityof precipitation and have much broader plateau-like accumulation zones. Thisstudy is the first synthesis of glacial motion across this region andprovides a baseline with which to compare future changes.

Characterizing the behaviour of surge- and non-surge-type glaciers in the Kingata Mountains, eastern Pamir, from 1999 to 2016