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. By combining in situ measurements and a two-dimensionalthermomechanically coupled ice flow model, we investigate thethermomechanical features of the largest valley glacier (LaohugouGlacier No. 12; LHG12) on Qilian Shan located in the arid regionof western China. Our model results suggest that LHG12, previouslyconsidered as fully cold, is probably polythermal, with a lowertemperate ice layer overlain by an upper layer of cold ice overa large region of the ablation area. Modelled ice surface velocitiesmatch well with the in situ observations in the east branch (mainbranch) but clearly underestimate those near the glacier terminus,possibly because the convergent flow is ignored and the basal slidingbeneath the confluence area is underestimated. The modelled icetemperatures are in very good agreement with the in situmeasurements from a deep borehole (110  m deep) in the upperablation area. The model results are sensitive to surface thermalboundary conditions, for example surface air temperature andnear-surface ice temperature. In this study, we use a Dirichletsurface thermal condition constrained by 20  m boreholetemperatures and annual surface air temperatures. Like many otheralpine glaciers, strain heating is important in controlling theenglacial thermal structure of LHG12. Our transient simulationsindicate that the accumulation zone becomes colder during the last twodecades as a response to the elevated equilibrium line altitude andthe rising summer air temperatures. We suggest that the extent ofaccumulation basin (the amount of refreezing latent heat frommeltwater) of LHG12 has a considerable impact on the englacial thermalstatus.

the cryosphere

An investigation of the thermomechanical features of Laohugou Glacier No. 12 on Qilian Shan, western China, using a two-dimensional first-order flow-band ice flow model